STÉPHANE HERZOG Ever since the shocking events of 7 October, followed by the outbreak of war in Gaza, anti-Jewish remarks and acts have been rising significantly in Switzerland. The two Jewish umbrella associations in Switzerland (one French and one German-speaking) recorded over 2,000 incidents in 2023, including assaults, insults, threats and online hate speech. In French-speaking Switzerland, the Intercommunity Coordination against Antisemitism and Defamation (CICAD) highlighted a 68 percent increase in these incidents as against 2022. Between October and the end of the year, the Swiss Federation of Jewish Communities (SIG) reported six physical attacks on Jews, compared with only one in 2022. “Stepping out as a Jew in public often entails worry, restraint or even fear,” the federation laments. It has called on the Swiss state to commit further War in the Middle East has stirred latent antisemitism In Switzerland, antisemitism tends to be whispered rather than shouted. However, the 7 October 2023 attacks and the war in Gaza have unleashed hate speech, sometimes leading to acts of violence. There has already been one knife attack. Jews say they are living in fear. Reactions in waves Is the high number of antisemitic acts in Switzerland since 2023 unprecedented? Historian Marc Perrenoud feels we lack the necessary perspective. Antisemitic tensions come in waves. Switzerland was slow to give equal rights to Jews (in 1874). In 1893, the first popular initiative in Switzerland, which prohibited ritual slaughter, stemmed from antisemitic sentiment, he recalls. During the interwar period, Switzerland felt threatened by “Judeo-Bolshevism”. Between 1939 and 1945, antisemitism was one of the key elements of migration policy. “Authorities claimed that they were fighting to prevent the Jewification of Switzerland, although Jewish people have never made up more than one per cent of the Swiss population,” says the historian. During the Six-Day War, in 1967, public opinion tipped in Israel’s favour. “Swiss people were able to identify with such a small democracy being attacked by its neighbours,” is how Perrenoud sees it. 1995 saw the unclaimed Jewish assets scandal. This was triggered by Swiss banks dragging their feet when it came to returning bank accounts to victims of the Nazi regime. At that time, “the Swiss felt their very identity was being attacked, and some of their immediate reactions triggered an undeniable surge in antisemitism”, according to historian Brigitte Sion. Since then, she believes, “antisemitism has been expressed at every level of society... and no longer in hushed tones: it is now being expressed on the political stage, in the media and other public forums.” (SH) to “monitoring antisemitism and racism”. CICAD has asked for regular visits by community representatives to schools to discuss the issue of not accepting other people. The association feels that this sort of action is more useful than taking security measures outside synagogues. CICAD has reported that, in schools, the word “Jew” is sometimes used as an insult. For example, there was one incident in a gym in Geneva where a school pupil sprayed a boy with his deodorant, threatening to “gas him like all the Jews”, according to Johanne Gurfinkiel of CICAD. Words are followed by actions. The stained-glass windows of the synagogue in La Chaux-de-Fonds were smashed using large blocks of frozen snow. In Davos, the refusal of a restaurant owner to rent out sports equipment to Jews caused a scandal that went international. On Saturday, 2 March, in Zurich, a young Swiss man of Tunisian origin seriously injured an Orthodox Jew with a bladed weapon. In a video posted prior to the attack, the 15-year-old swore allegiance to the Islamic State, calling for a “global war against Jews”. He said his act was linked to the situation in the Middle East. Inflammatory graffiti in Geneva In her recent work on the history of Jews in French-speaking Switzerland*, historian Brigitte Sion notes that antisemitism has always existed in Switzerland, albeit rarely in a violent form. “It’s more like a dull background noise that manifests itself in things people say, discrimination in hiring or promotion, ridicule or caricatures, and anonymous written messages.” Since 7 October, people have been starting to voice their feelings against Jews. “Thanks, Hamas” was written on a wall at the University of Geneva. “Antisemitism does not need Jews to exist. It functions as a world view,” remarked sociologist Illana Weizman during a debate that took place in Geneva in February. She published a podcast titled “Qui a peur des Juifs?” (‘Who’s afraid of the Jews?’). This podcast covers the whole range of antisemitic expressions, such as in connection with Covid-19, where lockdown and mandatory vaccination were compared to the persecution of the Jews. “What worries me is the ignorance about the history of the Jews and the Shoah,” bemoans historian Marc Perrenoud. Antisemitism comes to the fore in times of crisis. In Lausanne, editor and left-wing militant E. G. (name redacted) expresses her bitterness: “My daughter got married and I’m delighted that she changed her name,” she says. She herself feels wounded by the antisemitic comments on social media: “There was very little empathy for the victims of 7 October.” Swiss Review / May 2024 / No.3 12 Society
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